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<span id="openzim-page-title" class="mw-page-title-main"><span class="mw-page-title-main">Machining</span></span>

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<p><b>Machining</b> is a manufacturing process where a desired shape or part is created using the controlled removal of material, most often metal, from a larger piece of raw material by <a href="Cutting" title="Cutting">cutting</a>. Machining is a form of <b>subtractive manufacturing</b>,<sup id="cite_ref-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> which utilizes <a href="Machine_tools" class="mw-redirect" title="Machine tools">machine tools</a>, in contrast to <i><a href="Additive_manufacturing" class="mw-redirect" title="Additive manufacturing">additive manufacturing</a></i> (e.g. <a href="3D_printing_processes" title="3D printing processes">3D printing</a>), which uses controlled addition of material.

</p><p>Machining is a major process of the <a href="Manufacture" class="mw-redirect" title="Manufacture">manufacture</a> of many <a href="Metal" title="Metal">metal</a> products, but it can also be used on other materials such as <a href="Wood" title="Wood">wood</a>, <a href="Plastic" title="Plastic">plastic</a>, <a href="Ceramic" title="Ceramic">ceramic</a>, and <a href="Composite_material" title="Composite material">composites</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> A person who specializes in machining is called a <a href="Machinist" title="Machinist">machinist</a>. As a commercial venture, machining is generally performed in a <a href="Machine_shop" title="Machine shop">machine shop</a>, which consists of one or more workrooms containing primary machine tools. Although a machine shop can be a standalone operation, many businesses maintain internal machine shops or tool rooms that support their specialized needs. Much modern-day machining uses <a href="Numerical_control" class="mw-redirect" title="Numerical control">computer numerical control</a> (CNC), in which computers control the movement and operation of <a href="Milling_(machining)" title="Milling (machining)">mills</a>, <a href="Lathe" title="Lathe">lathes</a>, and other cutting machines.

</p>

<div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="History_and_terminology">History and terminology</h2></div>

<p>The precise meaning of the term <i>machining</i> has changed over the past one and a half centuries as technology has advanced in a number of ways. In the 18th century, the word <i><a href="Machinist" title="Machinist">machinist</a></i> meant a person who built or repaired <a href="Machine" title="Machine">machines</a>. This person's work was primarily done by hand, using processes such as the <a href="Woodcarving" class="mw-redirect" title="Woodcarving">carving of wood</a> and the writing-<a href="Forging" title="Forging">forging</a> and hand-<a href="File_(tool)" title="File (tool)">filing</a> of metal. At the time, <a href="Millwright" title="Millwright">millwrights</a> and builders of new kinds of <i>engines</i> (meaning, more or less, machines of any kind), such as <a href="James_Watt" title="James Watt">James Watt</a> or <a href="John_Wilkinson_(industrialist)" title="John Wilkinson (industrialist)">John Wilkinson</a>, would fit the definition. The noun <i><a href="Machine_tool" title="Machine tool">machine tool</a></i> and the verb <i>to machine</i> (<i>machined, machining</i>) did not yet exist.<sup id="cite_ref-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>

</p><p>Around the middle of the 20th century, the latter words were coined as the concepts they described evolved into widespread existence. Therefore, during the <a href="Machine_Age" title="Machine Age">Machine Age</a>, <i>machining</i> referred to (what we today might call) the "traditional" machining processes, such as <a href="Turning" title="Turning">turning</a>, <a href="Boring_(manufacturing)" title="Boring (manufacturing)">boring</a>, <a href="Drilling" title="Drilling">drilling</a>, <a href="Milling_(machining)" title="Milling (machining)">milling</a>, <a href="Broach_(metalwork)" class="mw-redirect" title="Broach (metalwork)">broaching</a>, <a href="Sawing" class="mw-redirect" title="Sawing">sawing</a>, <a href="Shaper" title="Shaper">shaping</a>, <a href="Planer_(metalworking)" title="Planer (metalworking)">planing</a>, <a href="Grinding_(abrasive_cutting)" title="Grinding (abrasive cutting)">abrasive cutting</a>, <a href="Reamer" title="Reamer">reaming</a>, and <a href="Tap_and_die" title="Tap and die">tapping</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In these "traditional" or "conventional" machining processes, <a href="Machine_tool" title="Machine tool">machine tools</a>, such as <a href="Lathe_(tool)" class="mw-redirect" title="Lathe (tool)">lathes</a>, <a href="Milling_machine" class="mw-redirect" title="Milling machine">milling machines</a>, <a href="Drill_press" title="Drill press">drill presses</a>, or others, are used with a sharp <a href="Cutting_tool_(machining)" title="Cutting tool (machining)">cutting tool</a> to remove material to achieve a desired geometry.<sup id="cite_ref-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>

</p><p>Since the advent of new technologies in the post–World War II era, such as <a href="Electrical_discharge_machining" title="Electrical discharge machining">electrical discharge machining</a>, <a href="Electrochemical_machining" title="Electrochemical machining">electrochemical machining</a>, <a href="Electron_beam_machining" class="mw-redirect" title="Electron beam machining">electron beam machining</a>, <a href="Photochemical_machining" title="Photochemical machining">photochemical machining</a>, and <a href="Ultrasonic_machining" title="Ultrasonic machining">ultrasonic machining</a>, the <a href="Retronym" title="Retronym">retronym</a> "conventional machining" can be used to differentiate those classic technologies from the newer ones. Currently, "machining" without qualification usually implies the traditional machining processes.

</p><p>

In the decades of the 2000s and 2010s, as <a href="3D_printing" title="3D printing">additive manufacturing</a> (AM) evolved beyond its earlier laboratory and rapid prototyping contexts and began to become standard throughout all phases of manufacturing, the term <i>subtractive manufacturing</i> became common <a href="Retronym" title="Retronym">retronymously</a> in logical contrast with AM, covering essentially any removal processes also previously covered by the term <i>machining</i>. The two terms are effectively <a href="Synonym" title="Synonym">synonymous</a>, although the long-established usage of the term <i>machining</i> continues. This is comparable to the idea that <a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/contact#Verb" class="extiw external" title="wiktionary:contact">the verb sense of <i>contact</i></a> evolved because of the proliferation of ways to contact someone (telephone, email, IM, SMS, and so on) but did not entirely replace the earlier terms such as <i>call</i>, <i>talk to</i>, or <i>write to</i>.<sup id="cite_ref-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></p>

<div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Machining_operations">Machining operations</h3></div>

<p>Machining is any process in which a cutting tool removes material from the workpiece (the workpiece is often called the "work"). Relative motion is required in traditional machining between the device and the work to remove material; non-traditional machining processes use other methods of material removal, such as electric current in EDM (electro-discharge machining). This relative motion is achieved in most machining operations by moving (by lateral rotary or lateral motion) either the tool, or the workpiece. The shape of the tool, the relative motion, and its penetration into the work, produce the desired shape of the resulting work surface.

</p><p>Machining operations can be broken down into traditional, and non-traditional operations. Within the traditional operations, there are two categories of machining based on the shape they machine; being circular shapes that includes; turning, boring, drilling, reaming, threading and more, and various/straight shapes that includes; milling, broaching, sawing, grinding and shaping.

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<div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Cutting_tool">Cutting tool</h3></div>

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</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="Cutting_tool_(machining)" title="Cutting tool (machining)">Cutting tool (machining)</a></div>

<p>A cutting tool has one or more sharp cutting edges and is made of a harder material than the work material. The cutting edge serves to separate the chip from the parent work material. Connected to the cutting edge are the two surfaces of the tool:

</p>

<li>The flank.</li></ul>

<p>The rake face, which directs the flow of the newly formed chip, is oriented at a certain angle and is called the rake angle "α." It is measured relative to the plane perpendicular to the work surface. The rake angle can be positive or negative. The flank of the tool provides a clearance between the tool and the newly formed work surface, thus protecting the surface from abrasion, which would degrade the finish. This angle between the work and flank surfaces is called the relief angle. There are two basic types of cutting tools:

</p>

<ul><li>Single point tool; and</li>

<li>Multiple-cutting-edge tool</li></ul>

<p>A single-point tool has one cutting edge for turning, boring, and planing. During machining, the device's point penetrates below the work part's original work surface. The fact is sometimes rounded to a certain radius, called the nose radius.

</p><p>Multiple cutting-edge tools have more than one cutting edge and usually achieve their motion relative to the work part by rotating. Drilling and milling use turning multiple-cutting-edge tools. Although the shapes of these tools are different from a single-point device, many elements of tool geometry are similar.

</p>

<div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Traditional_machining">Traditional machining</h3></div>

<div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Circular_machining_operations">Circular machining operations</h4></div>

<ul><li><b><a href="Turning" title="Turning">Turning</a></b> operations involve rotating the exterior of the <a href="Workpiece" title="Workpiece">workpiece</a> against a non rotating cutting tool that is moved into the workpiece. The rotation of the workpiece is the method of producing a relative motion against the tool. Lathes are the principal machine tool used in turning.</li>

<li><b>Boring</b> involves the machining of an internal surface of a hole to increase it diameter, this can be performed by either turning the workpiece on a lathe (also called internal turning), or a mill where a tool is rotated around the circumference of the hole.</li>

<li><b><a href="Drilling" title="Drilling">Drilling</a></b> operations are those in which holes are produced or refined by bringing a rotating cutting tool (often using a drill bit) with cutting edges on the lower face and edge, that is brought into contact axially with the workpiece. Drilling operations can be performed on a lathe, mill or drill press, or even by hand.</li>

<li><b><a href="Threading_(manufacturing)" title="Threading (manufacturing)">Threading</a></b> or tapping involves the cutting of defined helix (<a href="Screw_thread" title="Screw thread">thread</a>) into a hole (tapping or threading), or onto shaft (threading), with a constant <a href="Screw_thread#Lead,_pitch,_and_starts" title="Screw thread">pitch</a>, and specific geometry designed to accept the opposite thread and object in a turning motion to fasten items together (e.g. a nut and bolt)</li></ul>

<div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Various_shape_machining">Various shape machining</h4></div>

<ul><li><b><a href="Sawing" class="mw-redirect" title="Sawing">Sawing</a></b> aims to create smaller cut lengths of bar stock material, using a saw, or cut off machine that passing a spinning (circular saw) or linear (band saw) toothed blade against the material to cut a kerf (thickness) from the material until it is cut in two. Depending on the material, a certain blade speed (in metres per minute, or feet per minute) measured as the linear speed of the teeth, may be required, between as low as 200 or 1000 feet per minute.</li>

<li><a href="Milling_(machining)" title="Milling (machining)"><b>Milling</b></a> operations are operations where the cutting tool with cutting edges along its cylindrical face are brought against a workpiece to remove material in the profile of the spinning tools shaft and lower edge.<sup id="cite_ref-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Milling machines are the principal machine tool used in milling. Advanced CNC machines may combine lathe and milling operations.</li>

<li><a href="Broaching_(metalworking)" title="Broaching (metalworking)"><b>Broaching</b></a> can refer to two operations, linear broaching, where a multi toothed tool is pressed through a hole to cut a desired shape (e.g. a spline, square, or hex shape) or along a surface by taking increasingly larger cuts by the increasing sized teeth of the broach; or rotary broaching, where a drafted tool is rotated in a special toolholder that rocks the tool around and offset axis, the tool and workpiece and mated together during machining in order to cut the desired shape. When performed in a lathe the workpiece and cutting tool rotate together, while the toolholder remains static in the tail-stock; when milling the cutting tool stops once in contact with the workpiece, only rocking around the offset axis, with the toolholder rotating in the mill.</li>

<li><b>Shaping</b> operations are those which remove material from a workpiece through the linear movement of a non rotating cutting tool, that is pushed along the surface of a workpiece, and designed to cut flat geometry. A shaper often uses High Speed Steel tooling similar in shape and geometry to lathe tooling. Shaping is similar to turning, in a linear axis as opposed to a circular one. Shaping operations are performed using a <a href="Shaper" title="Shaper">shaper machine</a>, that strokes back and forth, but cuts only in one direction. A clapper box is used to raise the tool up from the work piece so that it can move backwards.</li>

<li><b><a href="Grinding_wheel" title="Grinding wheel">Grinding</a></b> operations involve the passing a fast moving/rotating abrasive material, such as stone, aluminium oxide, or diamond against a workpiece to remove material via grinding the material away using the abrasive surface of the tool.</li></ul>

<div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Non-traditional_machining">Non-traditional machining</h3></div>

<ul><li>Plasma beam machining</li>

<li>Waterjet machining involves the cutting of workpiece by use of a jet of water (usually also included with an abrasive material like garnet) to cut all the way through the thickness the workpiece. A waterjet cutter may be 2-axis to produce 2-dimensional shapes, or 5-axis, to produce almost any 3-dimensional shape.</li>

<li><b><a href="Electrical_discharge_machining" title="Electrical discharge machining">Electrical discharge machining</a> (EDM)</b> operations involve the removal of material from a workpiece using an electrically charge metal rod, or wire (wire EDM), that vaporizes the material from the workpiece. This may be used to machine holes, or cut out a specific shape from another piece. An advantage of EDM is that it can have a very small <a href="Kerf" class="mw-redirect" title="Kerf">kerf</a>, and the wire can be passed through a hole, allowing intricate shapes to be cut from a piece without cutting through the edge of the workpiece, allowing the machine of a plug and socket that fit together perfectly.</li>

<li><b>High-speed machining (HSM)</b> is an advanced manufacturing technique that involves the use of high spindle speeds, rapid feed rates, and optimized cutting parameters to significantly enhance material removal rates while maintaining precision and surface quality. Originally developed for the aerospace and mold-making industries, HSM enables the efficient machining of hard and difficult-to-cut materials such as titanium, hardened steels, and composites. The process reduces thermal distortion and tool wear by minimizing the contact time between the cutting tool and workpiece, often incorporating specialized tooling, high-performance machine tools, and advanced CAM programming. High-speed machining is widely applied in industries requiring complex geometries, tight tolerances, and superior surface finishes, contributing to reduced production time and improved component performance.<sup id="cite_ref-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li></ul>

<p>An unfinished workpiece requiring machining must have some material cut away to create a finished product. A finished product would be a workpiece that meets the specifications set out for that workpiece by <a href="Engineering_drawings" class="mw-redirect" title="Engineering drawings">engineering drawings</a> or <a href="Blueprints" class="mw-redirect" title="Blueprints">blueprints</a>. For example, a workpiece may require a specific outside diameter. A lathe is a machine tool that can create that diameter by rotating a metal workpiece so that a cutting tool can cut metal away, creating a smooth, round surface matching the required diameter and surface finish. A drill can remove the metal in the shape of a cylindrical hole. Other tools that may be used for metal removal are milling machines, saws, and <a href="Grinding_machine" title="Grinding machine">grinding machines</a>. Many of these same techniques are used in <a href="Woodworking" title="Woodworking">woodworking</a>.

</p><p>Machining requires attention to many details for a workpiece to meet the specifications in the engineering drawings or blueprints. Besides the obvious problems related to correct dimensions, there is the problem of achieving the right finish or surface smoothness on the workpiece. The inferior finish found on the machined surface of a workpiece may be caused by incorrect <a href="Clamp_(tool)" title="Clamp (tool)">clamping</a>, a dull tool, or inappropriate presentation of a device. Frequently, this poor surface finish, known as chatter, is evident by an undulating or regular finish of waves on the machined surfaces of the workpiece.

</p>

<div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Cutting_conditions">Cutting conditions</h2></div>

<p>Relative motion is required between the tool and work to perform a machining operation. The primary action is at a specific <a href="Cutting_speed" class="mw-redirect" title="Cutting speed">cutting speed</a>. In addition, the device must be moved laterally across the work. This is a much slower motion called the feed. The remaining dimension of the cut is the penetration of the cutting tool below the original work surface, reaching the cut's depth. Speed, feed, and depth of cut are called the cutting conditions.<sup id="cite_ref-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> They form the three dimensions of the machining process, and for certain operations, their product can be used to obtain the <a href="Material_removal_rate" title="Material removal rate">material removal rate</a> for the process:

</p><dl><dd><span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle {R}_{MR}=vfd\,\!}">

<msub>

</mrow>

</mrow>

</msub>

</mstyle>

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<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle {R}_{MR}=vfd\,\!}</annotation>

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</math></span><img src="./21f506d608c1db51fb4d8226020bf32bd59a4ae6.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.671ex; margin-right: -0.387ex; width:12.078ex; height:2.509ex;" alt="{\displaystyle {R}_{MR}=vfd\,\!}" loading="lazy"></span></dd></dl>

<p>where

</p>

<msub>

</mrow>

</mrow>

</msub>

</mstyle>

</mrow>

<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle {R}_{MR}\,\!}</annotation>

</semantics>

</math></span><img src="./926b31f0393aaaa512d657fac733d8a81ce0729f.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.671ex; margin-right: -0.387ex; width:5.358ex; height:2.509ex;" alt="{\displaystyle {R}_{MR}\,\!}" loading="lazy"></span> – the material removal rate in <i>mm<sup>3</sup>/s</i>, (<i>in<sup>3</sup>/s</i>),</li>

</mstyle>

</mrow>

<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle v\,\!}</annotation>

</semantics>

</math></span><img src="./9f34217ded608407636238760709b92635f19dbc.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.338ex; margin-right: -0.387ex; width:1.515ex; height:1.676ex;" alt="{\displaystyle v\,\!}" loading="lazy"></span> – the cutting speed in <i>mm/s</i>, (<i>in/min</i>),</li>

</mstyle>

</mrow>

<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle f\,\!}</annotation>

</semantics>

</math></span><img src="./7332b398fc3123f27b3dd16dd4590573ccd2f4a7.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.671ex; margin-right: -0.387ex; width:1.666ex; height:2.509ex;" alt="{\displaystyle f\,\!}" loading="lazy"></span> – the feed in <i>mm</i>, (<i>in</i>),</li>

</mstyle>

</mrow>

<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle d\,\!}</annotation>

</semantics>

</math></span><img src="./e22c8b8823a4a874b8ca5bbe1a6ce658a7822853.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.338ex; margin-right: -0.387ex; width:1.603ex; height:2.176ex;" alt="{\displaystyle d\,\!}" loading="lazy"></span> – the depth of cut in <i>mm</i>, (<i>in</i>).</li></ul>

<dl><dd>Note: All units must be converted to the corresponding decimal (or <a href="United_States_customary_units" title="United States customary units">USCU</a>) units.</dd></dl>

<div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Stages_in_metal_cutting">Stages in metal cutting</h3></div>

<p>Machining operations usually divide into two categories, distinguished by purpose and <a href="#Cutting_conditions">cutting conditions</a>:

</p>

<ul><li>Roughing cuts</li>

<li>Finishing cuts</li></ul>

<p>Roughing cuts are used to remove a large amount of material from the starting work part as rapidly as possible, i.e., with a significant Material Removal Rate (MRR), to produce a shape close to the desired form but leaving some material on the piece for a subsequent finishing operation.

Finishing cuts complete the part and achieve the final dimension, <a href="Engineering_tolerance" title="Engineering tolerance">tolerances</a>, and surface finish. In production machining jobs, one or more roughing cuts are usually performed on the work, followed by one or two finishing cuts. Roughing operations are done at high feeds and depths – feeds of 0.4–1.25  mm/rev (0.015–0.050 in/rev) and depths of 2.5–20 mm (0.100–0.750 in) are typical, but actual values depend on the workpiece materials. Finishing operations are carried out at low feeds and depths – dinners of 0.0125–0.04  mm/rev (0.0005–0.0015 in/rev) and depths of 0.75–2.0 mm (0.030–0.075 in) are typical. Cutting speeds are lower in roughing than in finishing.

</p><p>A <a href="Cutting_fluid" title="Cutting fluid">cutting fluid</a> is often applied to the machining operation to cool and lubricate the cutting tool. Determining whether a cutting fluid should be used and, if so, choosing the proper cutting fluid is usually included within the scope of the cutting condition.

</p><p>Today other forms of metal cutting are becoming increasingly popular. An example of this is water jet cutting. Water jet cutting involves pressurized water over 620 MPa (90,000 psi) and can cut metal and have a finished product. This process is called cold cutting, which eliminates the damage caused by a heat-affected zone, as opposed to laser and <a href="Plasma_cutting" title="Plasma cutting">plasma cutting</a>.

</p>

<div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Relationship_of_subtractive_and_additive_techniques">Relationship of subtractive and additive techniques</h2></div>

<p>With the recent proliferation of <a href="Additive_manufacturing" class="mw-redirect" title="Additive manufacturing">additive manufacturing</a> technologies, conventional machining has been <a href="Retronym" title="Retronym">retronymously</a> classified, in thought and language, as a <a href="Subtractive_manufacturing" class="mw-redirect" title="Subtractive manufacturing">subtractive manufacturing</a> method. In narrow contexts, additive and subtractive methods may compete with each other. In the broad context of entire industries, their relationship is complementary. Each method has its advantages over the other. While additive manufacturing methods can produce very intricate prototype designs impossible to replicate by machining, strength and material selection may be limited.<sup id="cite_ref-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>

</p>

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<ul><li><a href="Abrasive_machining" title="Abrasive machining">Abrasive machining</a></li>

<li><a href="Abrasive_flow_machining" title="Abrasive flow machining">Abrasive flow machining</a></li>

<li><a href="Abrasive_jet_machining" title="Abrasive jet machining">Abrasive jet machining</a></li>

<li><a href="Biomachining" title="Biomachining">Biomachining</a></li>

<li><a href="Design_for_manufacturability_for_CNC_machining" class="mw-redirect" title="Design for manufacturability for CNC machining">Design for manufacturability for CNC machining</a></li>

<li><a href="Chip_formation" title="Chip formation">Chip formation</a></li>

<li><a href="Do_it_yourself" title="Do it yourself">Do it yourself</a></li>

<li><a href="Machinability" title="Machinability">Machinability</a></li>

<li><a href="Machine_tools" class="mw-redirect" title="Machine tools">Machine tools</a> | <a href="Power_tool" title="Power tool">Power tool</a></li>

<li><a href="Machine_shop" title="Machine shop">Machine shop</a></li>

<li><a href="Machining_vibrations" title="Machining vibrations">Machining vibrations</a></li>

<li><a href="Metal_swarf" title="Metal swarf">Metal swarf</a></li>

<li><a href="Particulates" class="mw-redirect" title="Particulates">Particulates</a></li>

<li><a href="Renovation" title="Renovation">Renovation</a></li>

<li><a href="Sawdust" title="Sawdust">Sawdust</a></li>

<li><a href="Skiving_(metalworking)" title="Skiving (metalworking)">Skiving (metalworking)</a></li>

<li><a href="Honing_(metalworking)" title="Honing (metalworking)">Honing (metalworking)</a></li>

<li><a href="Tool_management" title="Tool management">Tool management</a></li></ul>

</div>

<div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2></div>

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</style><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://fab.cba.mit.edu/classes/863.12/people/laia.mogassoldevila/projects/p7.html">"MAS.863/4.140J-P7"</a>. <i>Fab Central</i>. Massachusetts Institute of Technology<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2016-08-22</span></span>.</cite></span>

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<li id="cite_note-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-2">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20180908030836/http://www.mfg.mtu.edu/cyberman/machining.html">"Machining Page"</a>. <i>CYBERMAN</i>. John W. Sutherland's Research Page. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.mfg.mtu.edu/cyberman/machining.html">the original</a> on 2018-09-08<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2011-10-05</span></span>.</cite></span>

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<li id="cite_note-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-3">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://intradefairs.com/machining#:~:text=The%20noun%20machine%20tool%20and,described%20evolved%20into%20widespread%20existence">"Machining"</a>. <i>intradefairs.com</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2025-01-06</span></span>.</cite></span>

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<li id="cite_note-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-4">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.efunda.com/processes/machining/machin_intro.cfm">"Machining: An Introduction"</a>. <i>eFunda</i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20240207114840/https://www.efunda.com/processes/machining/machin_intro.cfm">Archived</a> from the original on Feb 7, 2024.</cite></span>

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<li id="cite_note-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-5">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20120401172021/http://www.americanmachinist.com/304/Issue/Article/False/66356/Issue">"Additive Manufacturing Advances Another Step"</a>. <i>American Machinist</i>. May 10, 2007. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.americanmachinist.com/304/Issue/Article/False/66356/Issue">the original</a> on Apr 1, 2012.</cite></span>

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<li id="cite_note-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-6">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://chapter-07-18.hugoinaction.com/blog/process-1/">"Our Manufacturing Process Part I"</a>. <i>chapter-07-18.hugoinaction.com</i>. 2019-01-01<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2025-01-06</span></span>.</cite></span>

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<li id="cite_note-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-7">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite id="CITEREFFuHuoShyhaPancholi2019" class="citation journal cs1">Fu, Guoyu; Huo, Dehong; Shyha, Islam; Pancholi, Ketan; Saharudin, Mohd Shahneel (July 2019). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC6669872">"Experimental Investigation on Micro Milling of Polyester/Halloysite Nano-Clay Nanocomposites"</a>. <i>Nanomaterials</i>. <b>9</b> (7): 917. <a href="Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.3390%2Fnano9070917">10.3390/nano9070917</a></span>. <a href="ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/2079-4991">2079-4991</a>. <a href="PMC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMC (identifier)">PMC</a> <span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC6669872">6669872</a></span>. <a href="PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/31247963">31247963</a>.</cite></span>

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<li id="cite_note-8"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-8">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite id="CITEREFHERBERT_SCHULZ" class="citation web cs1">HERBERT SCHULZ. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://citeseerx.ist.psu.edu/document?repid=rep1&type=pdf&doi=42c77b18d298b309ebb4096933b80b2fe9db4ff8">"The History of High-Speed Machining"</a>. <i>Pennsylvania State University</i>.</cite></span>

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<li id="cite_note-9"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-9">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160913111230/http://staff.mica.edu/rmckibbin/CNC/Speeds-and-Feeds.html">"Speeds and Feeds"</a>. <i>staff.mica.edu</i>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://staff.mica.edu/rmckibbin/CNC/Speeds-and-Feeds.html">the original</a> on 2016-09-13<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2016-08-22</span></span>.</cite></span>

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<li id="cite_note-10"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-10">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://apps.dtic.mil/sti/tr/pdf/ADA466756.pdf">ADDITIVE/SUBTRACTIVE MANUFACTURING RESEARCH</a></span>

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</ol></div></div>

<div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Bibliography">Bibliography</h2></div>

<ul><li><cite id="CITEREFAlbert2011" class="citation cs2">Albert, Mark (2011-01-17), <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.mmsonline.com/columns/subtractive-plus-additive-equals-more-than">"Subtractive plus additive equals more than ( - + + = > )"</a>, Mark: My Word, <i>Modern Machine Shop</i>, <b>83</b> (9), Cincinnati, Ohio, USA: Gardner Publications Inc: 14.</cite></li></ul>

<div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Further_reading">Further reading</h2></div>

<ul><li><cite id="CITEREFGroover2007" class="citation cs2">Groover, Mikell P. (2007), "Theory of Metal Machining", <i>Fundamentals of Modern Manufacturing</i> (3rd ed.), John Wiley & Sons, Inc., pp. <span class="nowrap">491–</span>504, <a href="ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <bdi>978-0-471-74485-6</bdi></cite></li>

<li><cite id="CITEREFObergJonesMcCauleyHeald2004" class="citation cs2">Oberg, Erik; Jones, Franklin D.; McCauley, Christopher J.; Heald, Ricardo M. (2004), <i><a href="Machinery's_Handbook" title="Machinery's Handbook">Machinery's Handbook</a></i> (27th ed.), <a href="Industrial_Press" title="Industrial Press">Industrial Press</a>, <a href="ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <bdi>978-0-8311-2700-8</bdi>.</cite></li>

<li>"Machine Tool Practices", 6th edition, by R.R.; Kibbe, J.E.; Neely, R.O.; Meyer & W.T.; White, <a href="ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <bdi>0-13-270232-0</bdi>, 2nd printing, copyright 1999, 1995, 1991, 1987, 1982 and 1979 by Prentice Hall.</li></ul>

<div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2></div>

<ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20120421175544/http://www.nmri.go.jp/eng/khirata/metalwork/index_e.html">www.nmri.go.jp/eng, Elementary knowledge of metalworking</a></li>

<li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://av.tib.eu/search?q=%22machining%22&loc=en&f=publisher%3Bhttp://av.tib.eu/resource/IWF_%2528G%25C3%25B6ttingen%2529">Videos about machining</a> published by Institut für den Wissenschaftlichen Film. Available in the AV-Portal <a href="German_National_Library_of_Science_and_Technology" title="German National Library of Science and Technology">German National Library of Science and Technology</a>.</li></ul>

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</style></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Metalworking238" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Metalworking238" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="Metalworking" title="Metalworking">Metalworking</a></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible uncollapsed navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Machining_and_computing354" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">Machining and computing</div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Computer-aided<br>engineering</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<li><a href="Numerical_control" class="mw-redirect" title="Numerical control">Numerical control (NC and CNC)</a></li>

<li><a href="Stewart_platform" title="Stewart platform">Stewart platform</a></li></ul>

</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Drilling and<br>threading</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<li><a href="Drill" title="Drill">Drill</a></li>

<li><a href="Drill_bit" title="Drill bit">Drill bit</a></li>

<li><a href="Drill_bit_shank" title="Drill bit shank">Drill bit shank</a></li>

<li><a href="Drill_bit_sizes" title="Drill bit sizes">Drill bit sizes</a></li>

<li><a href="Drilling" title="Drilling">Drilling</a></li>

<li><a href="List_of_drill_and_tap_sizes" title="List of drill and tap sizes">List of drill and tap sizes</a></li>

<li><a href="Tap_wrench" title="Tap wrench">Tap wrench</a></li>

<li><a href="Threading_(manufacturing)" title="Threading (manufacturing)">Threading</a></li></ul>

</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Grinding and<br>lapping</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><a href="Abrasive" title="Abrasive">Abrasive</a></li>

<li><a href="Abrasive_machining" title="Abrasive machining">Abrasive machining</a></li>

<li><a href="Angle_grinder" title="Angle grinder">Angle grinder</a></li>

<li><a href="Bench_grinder" title="Bench grinder">Bench grinder</a></li>

<li><a href="Coated_abrasive" class="mw-redirect" title="Coated abrasive">Coated abrasive</a></li>

<li><a href="Cylindrical_grinder" title="Cylindrical grinder">Cylindrical grinder</a></li>

<li><a href="Sharpening_stone#Diamond_plate" title="Sharpening stone">Diamond plate</a></li>

<li><a href="Flick_grinder" class="mw-redirect" title="Flick grinder">Flick grinder</a></li>

<li><a href="Grinding_(abrasive_cutting)" title="Grinding (abrasive cutting)">Grinding</a></li>

<li><a href="Grinding_dresser" title="Grinding dresser">Grinding dresser</a></li>

<li><a href="Grinding_machine" title="Grinding machine">Grinding machine</a></li>

<li><a href="Grinding_wheel" title="Grinding wheel">Grinding wheel</a></li>

<li><a href="Jig_grinder" title="Jig grinder">Jig grinder</a></li>

<li><a href="Lapping" title="Lapping">Lapping</a></li>

<li><a href="Sandpaper" title="Sandpaper">Sanding</a></li>

<li><a href="Sharpening_stone" title="Sharpening stone">Sharpening stone</a></li>

<li><a href="Spark_testing" title="Spark testing">Spark testing</a></li>

<li><a href="Surface_grinding" title="Surface grinding">Surface grinder</a></li>

<li><a href="Tool_and_cutter_grinder" title="Tool and cutter grinder">Tool and cutter grinder</a></li></ul>

</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Machining</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><a href="Boring_(manufacturing)" title="Boring (manufacturing)">Boring</a></li>

<li><a href="Broaching_(metalworking)" title="Broaching (metalworking)">Broaching</a></li>

<li><a href="Electrical_discharge_machining" title="Electrical discharge machining">Electrical discharge machining</a></li>

<li><a href="Electrochemical_machining" title="Electrochemical machining">Electrochemical machining</a></li>

<li><a href="Electron-beam_machining" title="Electron-beam machining">Electron-beam machining</a></li>

<li><a href="Engraving" title="Engraving">Engraving</a></li>

<li><a href="Facing_(machining)" title="Facing (machining)">Facing</a></li>

<li><a href="Hobbing" title="Hobbing">Hobbing</a></li>

<li><a href="Jig_borer" title="Jig borer">Jig borer</a></li>

<li><a href="Machine_tool" title="Machine tool">Machine tool</a></li>

<li><a href="Metal_lathe" title="Metal lathe">Metal lathe</a></li>

<li><a href="Milling_(machining)" title="Milling (machining)">Milling</a></li>

<li><a href="Milling_cutter" title="Milling cutter">Milling cutter</a></li>

<li><a href="Pantograph" title="Pantograph">Pantograph</a></li>

<li><a href="Photochemical_machining" title="Photochemical machining">Photochemical machining</a></li>

<li><a href="Planer_(metalworking)" title="Planer (metalworking)">Planer</a></li>

<li><a href="Reamer" title="Reamer">Reamer</a></li>

<li><a href="Rotary_transfer_machine" title="Rotary transfer machine">Rotary transfer machine</a></li>

<li><a href="Shaper" title="Shaper">Shaper</a></li>

<li><a href="Skiving_(metalworking)" title="Skiving (metalworking)">Skiving</a></li>

<li><a href="Turning" title="Turning">Turning</a></li>

<li><a href="Ultrasonic_machining" title="Ultrasonic machining">Ultrasonic machining</a></li></ul>

</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Machine tools</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><a href="Angle_plate" title="Angle plate">Angle plate</a></li>

<li><a href="Chuck_(engineering)" title="Chuck (engineering)">Chuck</a></li>

<li><a href="Collet" title="Collet">Collet</a></li>

<li><a href="Fixture_(tool)" title="Fixture (tool)">Fixture</a></li>

<li><a href="Indexing_head" title="Indexing head">Indexing head</a></li>

<li><a href="Lathe_center" title="Lathe center">Lathe center</a></li>

<li><a href="Machine_taper" title="Machine taper">Machine taper</a></li>

<li><a href="Magnetic_switchable_device" title="Magnetic switchable device">Magnetic switchable device</a></li>

<li><a href="Mandrel" title="Mandrel">Mandrel</a></li>

<li><a href="Rotary_table" title="Rotary table">Rotary table</a></li>

<li><a href="Wiggler_(tool)" title="Wiggler (tool)">Wiggler</a></li></ul>

</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Terminology</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><a href="Cutting_fluid" title="Cutting fluid">Cutting fluid</a></li>

<li><a href="Machining_vibrations" title="Machining vibrations">Machining vibrations</a></li>

<li><a href="Speeds_and_feeds" title="Speeds and feeds">Speeds and feeds</a></li>

<li><a href="Swarf" title="Swarf">Swarf</a></li>

<li><a href="Engineering_tolerance" title="Engineering tolerance">Tolerance</a></li>

<li><a href="Tool_and_die_maker" title="Tool and die maker">Tool and die making</a></li>

<li><a href="Tramp_oil" class="mw-redirect" title="Tramp oil">Tramp oil</a></li>

<li><a href="Workpiece" title="Workpiece">Workpiece</a></li></ul>

</div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div>

<ul><li><a href="Casting" title="Casting">Casting</a></li>

<li><a href="Metal_fabrication" title="Metal fabrication">Fabrication</a></li>

<li><a href="Forming_processes" title="Forming processes">Forming</a></li>

<li><a href="Jewellery" title="Jewellery">Jewellery</a></li>

<li><a href="Metallurgy" title="Metallurgy">Metallurgy</a></li>

<li><a href="Metalsmith" title="Metalsmith">Smithing</a></li>

<li><a href="Outline_of_metalworking" title="Outline of metalworking">Tools and terminology</a></li>

<li><a href="Welding" title="Welding">Welding</a></li></ul>

</div></td></tr></tbody></table></div>

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This article is issued from <a class="external text" title="Last edited on 2025-08-08" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/?title=Machining&oldid=1304814415">Wikipedia</a>. The text is available under <a class="external text" href="https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/deed.en">Creative Commons Attribution-Share Alike 4.0</a> unless otherwise noted. Additional terms may apply for the media files.

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